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Solar Energy Answer to-> Where we come from? > Where we go? (Who we are ??)
BIGBANG 1370 Crores years ago Our Universe was born
Our Milky Way have 200 billion stars Our Sun one of them age 450 crore
Solar Family Earth born 450 – age 450 crore years
Sun is all source of energy on Earth which was realized by our ancestors at the dawn of civilization. It was customary in all ancient races of human being to worship and start the day after prayer to Sun God. Origin of all source of energy on earth is sun either renewable or fossil fuel. Earth and the planets will not exist without sun and the living creatures will become extinct with little change of any physical parameters of earths
Our Sun
Radius : 696 850 km. Diameter : 1 393 700 km. Mean Density : 1.4 g.cm.-3
Mean Apparent Diameter : 31′ 59.5", Earth to Sun : 149.6 million km
Earth to Sun : 1 AU (Astronomical Unit), Solar Volume : 1.4×1026 m.3
Rotation (Equatorial) : 24.65 days, Rotation (Polar) : 32 days
Surface Temp. : 5 778K (6 051°C) ,Solar Velocity : 19.4 kms-1 (Galactic)
Visual Magnitude : -26.7v, Absolute Magnitude (Mv) : +4.83
Energy Output : 6×1026 J.sec.-1 (watts),Energy Output : 1 440 W.m-2 /
Age : 5.0 billion yr., Spectral Class : G2V, rgb(102,204,255)
Solar mass composition Energy release from sun
COMPOSITION OF SUN
Hydrogen : 73.46%, Helium : 24.85%M. Oxygen : 0.77%, Carbon : 0.29%
Iron : 0.16%, Sulphur : 0.12%, Neon : 0.12%, Nitrogen : 0.09%, Silicon : 0.07%
Magnesium : 0.04%, Calcium : 0.02%, Other Elements : 0.01%
The volume of the entire solar sphere occupies a ball of very hot gases, primarily made from two main elements; Hydrogen (73.46%) and Helium (24.85%), which make up a total of 98.21% of the mass. The remaining 1.79% is made up of all the other chemical elements
In the Sun lies vast stores of Hydrogen dwell. Here in the core, 700 million ton per second of Hydrogen are converted to the heavier Helium - something in the process that also creates copious quantities energy. In the core only a small percentage of the atomic mass (0.7%)is destroyed, with the net outcome being simply stupendous amounts of Liberated energy I.e. The solar energy is 6×10^26 Watts each second.
The Sun's power (about 386 billion billion megaWatts) is produced by nuclear fusion reactions. Each second about 700,000,000 tons of hydrogen are converted to about 695,000,000 tons of helium and 5,000,000 tons (=3.86e33 ergs) and spread in the universe in from of electromagnetic wave –
Solar radiation spans a spectrum from approximately 0.1 to 4.0 micrometers The band from 0.1 to 0.4 micrometers is called ultraviolet radiation. About 7% of the sun's emission is in this wavelength band. About 48% of the sun's radiation falls in the region between 0.71 to 4.0 micrometers. This band is called the near (0.71 to 1.5 micrometers) and far (1.5 to 4.0 micrometers) infrared .
Temperature at suns surface is 5800 deg K and suns emitted energy =63,4 MW/ square meter . When it reached earth it is 1,367Watt/M^2 above atomsphere which is called Solar flux at earth atmosphere
Solar Radiation in Ground Level
The result of the atmospheric phenomena involving reflection, scattering, and absorption of radiation, the quantity of solar energy that ultimately reaches the earth's surface is much reduced in intensity as it traverses the atmosphere., At Ground Level it is around 1000 Watt/ sq meter with sun at vertical position . This is the reason of what has happened to earths evolution and we are here today
Where we come from
We can describe our chain of ancestors on Earth into six main stages:
1. Hadean Era: from the formation of the Earth about 4.6 billion years ago until about 4 billion years ago. The Earth’s surface is constantly bombarded by large objects which repeatedly melt the whole surface, making life impossible.
2. Archean Era: from 4 to 2 billion years ago (very roughly). Origin of life, all life is single celled bacteria. No oxygen in the atmosphere.
3. Proterozoic Era. 2 billion until 550 million years ago. Oxygen appears in the atmosphere and builds to approximately the present level of 21%. Eukaryotes appear. No hard parts: bone, teeth, shells, so very few fossils.
the first three eras are collectively called the Pre-Cambrian era
4. Paleozoic Era. 550 to 250 million years ago. Fossils appear, complex multicellular organisms, invasion of the land by plants and animals.
5. Mesozoic Era. 250 to 65 million years ago. Appearance of mammals and flowering plants, but the land is dominated by dinosaurs (reptiles).
6. Cenozoic Era. Started 65 million years ago, continues to present.
Mammals become the dominant life form on land. An adaptive radiation
that took advantage of the sudden loss of dinosaurs. Another large group
evolves: the grasses.Adaptive radiation of birds and flowering plants.
Fishes and reptiles don’t change much during the Cenozoic. Geologically,
continents that had been separated started to collide: Africa with Europe
North America with South America, India with Asia
Now Where we go-
The universe’s future depends upon how much matter is present. There is a critical density of the amount of matter in the universe which will determine if the universe is going to collapse on itself or will expand forever.
But much before that our planet will not be habitable and as solar system will die.
How long would the Sun shine?
• The Sun needs fuel to shine. the Sun shines by consuming the fuel -- it generates energy from the fuel. • The lifetime of the Sun is determined by How fast the Sun consumes the fuel, Mass energy = 1.8 x 10 ^47 Joules. Nuclear reaction in the Sun can convert ~0.07% of the mass into energy.Based on that the Sun shines for 10 billion years.
Once nuclear fusion is producing heat in the centre of the new star, this heats stops the rest of the star collapsing. Eventually, the hydrogen (the “fuel” for the nuclear fusion) in the centre of the star will run out. For a star like the Sun, no more nuclear fusion can take place, so the centre of the star will then keep collapsing. Eventually it can become almost as small as the Earth, but with the same mass as a whole star! This very dense object is called a White Dwarf.
For the biggest stars, this collapse causes a huge explosion called a Supernova! A Supernova can be brighter than an entire galaxy of 100,000,000,000 stars! The debris of the explosion is blown away and forms a glowing cloud called a Supernova
Remnant. So we come back to the Big Bang from where the universe started
Collapsing cloud> A new star> Red Giant > White Dwraf or > Supernova BB
But we will meet our end much before that. If one sees the life of us in comparison to the life of earth we find that it constitutes only around 60,000 years to the earths age of 460 crore of years. And the end will be much quicker as the biosphere which has created us will not be suitable for our continuance due to our activity which has damaged and dontinuing to do so .
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